Covering over 70 percent of the Earth’s surface, the oceans are a vital element of our planet’s ecosystem. However, for the millions of vessels that cross them, the aquatic environment can present a problem. Vessels are increasingly using electrical systems to power across oceans, but a component’s design must account for these extreme conditions. Here, David Atkins, project director at marine resistor manufacturer Cressall, investigates offshore resistor design.
Importance of dynamic braking resistors
Whether for main propulsion propellers, crane or lifting systems, or cable laying, electrical drives can be found at the heart of many marine operations, offering increased control, reliability, and mechanical simplicity.
Dynamic braking resistors (DBRs) are an essential part of an electric drive system that remove excess energy from the system when braking to either dissipate as heat if the system is not receptive to regeneration or if the system is receptive, but energy level goes beyond the system limits, so needs to be removed.
Engineers tasked with designing resistors must consider material choice, structural stability, and cooling method
Material selection
When designing electrical components for offshore applications, material selection is key from the start of the process to guarantee that equipment will perform under harsh conditions, including saline atmosphere, high wind loadings, and corrosive seawater.
Engineers tasked with designing resistors for marine applications must consider material choice, structural stability, and cooling method.
Corrosion-resistant materials
Seawater and the saline atmosphere is corrosive, which could leave equipment inoperable. Due to this, stainless steel, combined with special paint systems, is typically used for the enclosure metalwork for resistor elements. With materials containing at least 10.5 percent chromium, stainless steel reacts with oxygen in the air to produce a protective layer on its surface to prevent corrosion if not painted.
There are many grades of stainless steel that can offer high corrosion resistance, which can be further enhanced by the addition of extra elements. For below-deck applications, 316 and 304 stainless steel contain nickel to broaden the protective layer created by the chromium and can be used in unpainted conditions.
Using resistor enclosures
Cressall’s resistor enclosures for the EV2 resistor terminal cover boast at least an IP56 ingress protection rating
However, for above-deck components, 316 stainless steel has a higher nickel quantity and added molybdenum, so the resistor unit’s metalwork receives optimum protection against the marine atmosphere, but in some conditions, the painting will also be required. Cressall’s resistor enclosures for the EV2 resistor terminal cover boast at least an IP56 ingress protection rating, certifying that seawater cannot enter the unit to cause harm.
In addition to the exterior, it is important that the resistor’s element can withstand harsh conditions. For these applications, Alloy 825 sheathed mineral-insulated elements are less vulnerable to atmospheric corrosion. As the element is encased within the mineral insulated sheathing, the sheath is at earth potential, so if water or high humidity is present this will prevent accidental contact with the live element, making them a much safer choice for marine applications.
Structural stability
Weather at sea is unpredictable, so vessels must be able to withstand the large variance in the wind and harsh sea conditions found worldwide. Many offshore structures such as wind turbines are located in areas with high winds, so if the system requires resistors to help provide stability to their electrical components these considerations must be considered within a resistor’s design.
Considering the impact of a vessel’s rotational motions, its side-to-side motion, or pitch, and its front-to-back motion, or roll, is crucial. Design engineers need to ensure that there is enough mechanical support in the structure to stabilise the resistors for safe operation when it is subjected to these forces.
Finite element analysis
FEA allows design engineers to predict a product’s performance in the real world, then see the impact of forces
Cressall can conduct finite element analysis (FEA) to help ensure structural stability. FEA allows design engineers to predict a product’s performance in the real world, then see the impact of forces and make changes accordingly. This ensures the resistor performs well in potentially extreme weather conditions.
It’s also important to consider the size constraints of marine applications. In contrast to onshore units, offshore electrical components must fit into a compact area, so the size of the unit’s support structures must be minimised without compromising durability.
Forced Cooling method
An essential part of a resistor is its cooling system. Since the resistor dissipates excess energy as heat, the cooling system is responsible for cooling the resistor element to ensure continued operation. Depending on the layout and resources of the system, resistors can be naturally or forced air or water-cooled. Air-cooled resistors come in two types — forced and naturally cooled systems.
Forced cooling systems use a fan to dissipate heat in a compact space. These units are suitable for deck mounting and can be secured using anti-vibration mounts.
Natural cooling offers a higher power rating and can be mounted in machinery spaces
Natural cooling method
Natural cooling is the most common in marine applications, offering a higher power rating and can be mounted in machinery spaces, protected environments or on deck.
For machinery spaces or protected areas, consideration should be given to how the hot air released from the resistors should be evacuated to ensure other equipment mounted locally does not overheat.
Chilled water system
Alternatively, the cooling system can use the vessel’s chilled water system, which circulates cool water for air conditioning and equipment cooling. If the chiller system uses seawater, titanium-sheathed elements with super duplex steel metalwork can be incorporated, for continuous use in acidic, tropical seawater and downgraded to 316 stainless steel for freshwater systems.
The ocean is a valuable asset for energy, transport, and trade. Ongoing development of electric drives for marine applications can be challenging, but taking these conditions and energy savings into account makes them a viable and advantageous option for powering vessels and for use in offshore structures.